What is grace in the Bible?

The Simple Definition

Grace is most simply defined as unmerited favor — God's goodness toward those who deserve the opposite. It is not earned, not repaid, and not conditioned on performance. The classic contrast in Scripture is between grace and works: "And if by grace, then it cannot be based on works; if it were, grace would no longer be grace" (Romans 11:6).

Grace in the Old Testament

Grace is not only a New Testament concept. The Hebrew word hesed, often translated "steadfast love" or "lovingkindness," captures the idea of God's loyal, covenant love toward his people — love that goes beyond obligation. When God passed before Moses and proclaimed his name, he declared himself "abounding in love and faithfulness" (Exodus 34:6).

Grace in the New Testament

The New Testament Greek word charis (grace) appears over 150 times. It reaches its fullest expression in the person of Jesus: "The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory… full of grace and truth" (John 1:14). The entire work of salvation is described as an act of grace:

"For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith — and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God — not by works, so that no one can boast." — Ephesians 2:8–9

Common Grace vs. Saving Grace

Theologians distinguish two aspects of grace:

• Common grace — God's goodness extended to all humanity, regardless of belief: sunshine, rain, moral conscience, the structure of society (Matthew 5:45)
• Saving grace — God's specific work in drawing sinners to repentance and faith in Jesus Christ

Grace Is Not a License to Sin

Paul anticipates the misunderstanding: "Shall we go on sinning so that grace may increase? By no means!" (Romans 6:1–2). Grace liberates from sin's power, not from the call to holiness. As one theologian put it: grace is free, but it isn't cheap.